morphapp.c

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/*====================================================================*
 -  Copyright (C) 2001 Leptonica.  All rights reserved.
 -
 -  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 -  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 -  are met:
 -  1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 -     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 -  2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
 -     copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
 -     disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
 -     provided with the distribution.
 -
 -  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 -  ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 -  LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
 -  A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ANY
 -  CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
 -  EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
 -  PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
 -  PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY
 -  OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
 -  NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
 -  SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 *====================================================================*/


#include "allheaders.h"

#define   SWAP(x, y)   {temp = (x); (x) = (y); (y) = temp;}


/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                   Extraction of boundary pixels                 *
 *-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
PIX *
pixExtractBoundary(PIX     *pixs,
                   l_int32  type)
{
PIX  *pixd;

    PROCNAME("pixExtractBoundary");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);

    if (type == 0)
        pixd = pixDilateBrick(NULL, pixs, 3, 3);
    else
        pixd = pixErodeBrick(NULL, pixs, 3, 3);
    pixXor(pixd, pixd, pixs);
    return pixd;
}


/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*
 *           Selective morph sequence operation under mask         *
 *-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
PIX *
pixMorphSequenceMasked(PIX         *pixs,
                       PIX         *pixm,
                       const char  *sequence,
                       l_int32      dispsep)
{
PIX  *pixd;

    PROCNAME("pixMorphSequenceMasked");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (!sequence)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("sequence not defined", procName, NULL);

    pixd = pixMorphSequence(pixs, sequence, dispsep);
    pixCombineMasked(pixd, pixs, pixm);  /* restore src pixels under mask fg */
    return pixd;
}


/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*
 *             Morph sequence operation on each component          *
 *-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
PIX *
pixMorphSequenceByComponent(PIX         *pixs,
                            const char  *sequence,
                            l_int32      connectivity,
                            l_int32      minw,
                            l_int32      minh,
                            BOXA       **pboxa)
{
l_int32  n, i, x, y, w, h;
BOXA    *boxa;
PIX     *pix, *pixd;
PIXA    *pixas, *pixad;

    PROCNAME("pixMorphSequenceByComponent");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (!sequence)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("sequence not defined", procName, NULL);

    if (minw <= 0) minw = 1;
    if (minh <= 0) minh = 1;

        /* Get the c.c. */
    if ((boxa = pixConnComp(pixs, &pixas, connectivity)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("boxa not made", procName, NULL);

        /* Operate on each c.c. independently */
    pixad = pixaMorphSequenceByComponent(pixas, sequence, minw, minh);
    pixaDestroy(&pixas);
    boxaDestroy(&boxa);
    if (!pixad)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixad not made", procName, NULL);

        /* Display the result out into pixd */
    pixd = pixCreateTemplate(pixs);
    n = pixaGetCount(pixad);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pixaGetBoxGeometry(pixad, i, &x, &y, &w, &h);
        pix = pixaGetPix(pixad, i, L_CLONE);
        pixRasterop(pixd, x, y, w, h, PIX_PAINT, pix, 0, 0);
        pixDestroy(&pix);
    }

    if (pboxa)
        *pboxa = pixaGetBoxa(pixad, L_CLONE);
    pixaDestroy(&pixad);
    return pixd;
}


PIXA *
pixaMorphSequenceByComponent(PIXA        *pixas,
                             const char  *sequence,
                             l_int32      minw,
                             l_int32      minh)
{
l_int32  n, i, w, h, d;
BOX     *box;
PIX     *pix1, *pix2;
PIXA    *pixad;

    PROCNAME("pixaMorphSequenceByComponent");

    if (!pixas)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("pixas not defined", procName, NULL);
    if ((n = pixaGetCount(pixas)) == 0)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("no pix in pixas", procName, NULL);
    if (n != pixaGetBoxaCount(pixas))
        L_WARNING("boxa size != n\n", procName);
    pixaGetPixDimensions(pixas, 0, NULL, NULL, &d);
    if (d != 1)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("depth not 1 bpp", procName, NULL);

    if (!sequence)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("sequence not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (minw <= 0) minw = 1;
    if (minh <= 0) minh = 1;

    if ((pixad = pixaCreate(n)) == NULL)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("pixad not made", procName, NULL);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pixaGetPixDimensions(pixas, i, &w, &h, NULL);
        if (w >= minw && h >= minh) {
            if ((pix1 = pixaGetPix(pixas, i, L_CLONE)) == NULL) {
                pixaDestroy(&pixad);
                return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("pix1 not found", procName, NULL);
            }
            if ((pix2 = pixMorphCompSequence(pix1, sequence, 0)) == NULL) {
                pixaDestroy(&pixad);
                return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("pix2 not made", procName, NULL);
            }
            pixaAddPix(pixad, pix2, L_INSERT);
            box = pixaGetBox(pixas, i, L_COPY);
            pixaAddBox(pixad, box, L_INSERT);
            pixDestroy(&pix1);
        }
    }

    return pixad;
}


/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*
 *              Morph sequence operation on each region            *
 *-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
PIX *
pixMorphSequenceByRegion(PIX         *pixs,
                         PIX         *pixm,
                         const char  *sequence,
                         l_int32      connectivity,
                         l_int32      minw,
                         l_int32      minh,
                         BOXA       **pboxa)
{
l_int32  n, i, x, y, w, h;
BOXA    *boxa;
PIX     *pix, *pixd;
PIXA    *pixam, *pixad;

    PROCNAME("pixMorphSequenceByRegion");

    if (pboxa) *pboxa = NULL;
    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (!pixm)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixm not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1 || pixGetDepth(pixm) != 1)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs and pixm not both 1 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (!sequence)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("sequence not defined", procName, NULL);

    if (minw <= 0) minw = 1;
    if (minh <= 0) minh = 1;

        /* Get the c.c. of the mask */
    if ((boxa = pixConnComp(pixm, &pixam, connectivity)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("boxa not made", procName, NULL);

        /* Operate on each region in pixs independently */
    pixad = pixaMorphSequenceByRegion(pixs, pixam, sequence, minw, minh);
    pixaDestroy(&pixam);
    boxaDestroy(&boxa);
    if (!pixad)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixad not made", procName, NULL);

        /* Display the result out into pixd */
    pixd = pixCreateTemplate(pixs);
    n = pixaGetCount(pixad);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pixaGetBoxGeometry(pixad, i, &x, &y, &w, &h);
        pix = pixaGetPix(pixad, i, L_CLONE);
        pixRasterop(pixd, x, y, w, h, PIX_PAINT, pix, 0, 0);
        pixDestroy(&pix);
    }

    if (pboxa)
        *pboxa = pixaGetBoxa(pixad, L_CLONE);
    pixaDestroy(&pixad);
    return pixd;
}


PIXA *
pixaMorphSequenceByRegion(PIX         *pixs,
                          PIXA        *pixam,
                          const char  *sequence,
                          l_int32      minw,
                          l_int32      minh)
{
l_int32  n, i, w, h, same, maxd, fullpa, fullba;
BOX     *box;
PIX     *pix1, *pix2, *pix3;
PIXA    *pixad;

    PROCNAME("pixaMorphSequenceByRegion");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not 1 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (!sequence)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("sequence not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (!pixam)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("pixam not defined", procName, NULL);
    pixaVerifyDepth(pixam, &same, &maxd);
    if (maxd != 1)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("mask depth not 1 bpp", procName, NULL);
    pixaIsFull(pixam, &fullpa, &fullba);
    if (!fullpa || !fullba)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("missing comps in pixam", procName, NULL);
    n = pixaGetCount(pixam);
    if (minw <= 0) minw = 1;
    if (minh <= 0) minh = 1;

    if ((pixad = pixaCreate(n)) == NULL)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("pixad not made", procName, NULL);

        /* Use the rectangle to remove the appropriate part of pixs;
         * then AND with the mask component to get the actual fg
         * of pixs that is under the mask component. */
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pixaGetPixDimensions(pixam, i, &w, &h, NULL);
        if (w >= minw && h >= minh) {
            pix1 = pixaGetPix(pixam, i, L_CLONE);
            box = pixaGetBox(pixam, i, L_COPY);
            pix2 = pixClipRectangle(pixs, box, NULL);
            pixAnd(pix2, pix2, pix1);
            pix3 = pixMorphCompSequence(pix2, sequence, 0);
            pixDestroy(&pix1);
            pixDestroy(&pix2);
            if (!pix3) {
                boxDestroy(&box);
                pixaDestroy(&pixad);
                L_ERROR("pix3 not made in iter %d; aborting\n", procName, i);
                break;
            }
            pixaAddPix(pixad, pix3, L_INSERT);
            pixaAddBox(pixad, box, L_INSERT);
        }
    }

    return pixad;
}


/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*
 *      Union and intersection of parallel composite operations    *
 *-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
PIX *
pixUnionOfMorphOps(PIX     *pixs,
                   SELA    *sela,
                   l_int32  type)
{
l_int32  n, i;
PIX     *pixt, *pixd;
SEL     *sel;

    PROCNAME("pixUnionOfMorphOps");

    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs undefined or not 1 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (!sela)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("sela not defined", procName, NULL);
    n = selaGetCount(sela);
    if (n == 0)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("no sels in sela", procName, NULL);
    if (type != L_MORPH_DILATE && type != L_MORPH_ERODE &&
        type != L_MORPH_OPEN && type != L_MORPH_CLOSE &&
        type != L_MORPH_HMT)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("invalid type", procName, NULL);

    pixd = pixCreateTemplate(pixs);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        sel = selaGetSel(sela, i);
        if (type == L_MORPH_DILATE)
            pixt = pixDilate(NULL, pixs, sel);
        else if (type == L_MORPH_ERODE)
            pixt = pixErode(NULL, pixs, sel);
        else if (type == L_MORPH_OPEN)
            pixt = pixOpen(NULL, pixs, sel);
        else if (type == L_MORPH_CLOSE)
            pixt = pixClose(NULL, pixs, sel);
        else  /* type == L_MORPH_HMT */
            pixt = pixHMT(NULL, pixs, sel);
        pixOr(pixd, pixd, pixt);
        pixDestroy(&pixt);
    }

    return pixd;
}


PIX *
pixIntersectionOfMorphOps(PIX     *pixs,
                          SELA    *sela,
                          l_int32  type)
{
l_int32  n, i;
PIX     *pixt, *pixd;
SEL     *sel;

    PROCNAME("pixIntersectionOfMorphOps");

    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs undefined or not 1 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (!sela)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("sela not defined", procName, NULL);
    n = selaGetCount(sela);
    if (n == 0)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("no sels in sela", procName, NULL);
    if (type != L_MORPH_DILATE && type != L_MORPH_ERODE &&
        type != L_MORPH_OPEN && type != L_MORPH_CLOSE &&
        type != L_MORPH_HMT)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("invalid type", procName, NULL);

    pixd = pixCreateTemplate(pixs);
    pixSetAll(pixd);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        sel = selaGetSel(sela, i);
        if (type == L_MORPH_DILATE)
            pixt = pixDilate(NULL, pixs, sel);
        else if (type == L_MORPH_ERODE)
            pixt = pixErode(NULL, pixs, sel);
        else if (type == L_MORPH_OPEN)
            pixt = pixOpen(NULL, pixs, sel);
        else if (type == L_MORPH_CLOSE)
            pixt = pixClose(NULL, pixs, sel);
        else  /* type == L_MORPH_HMT */
            pixt = pixHMT(NULL, pixs, sel);
        pixAnd(pixd, pixd, pixt);
        pixDestroy(&pixt);
    }

    return pixd;
}



/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*
 *             Selective connected component filling               *
 *-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
PIX *
pixSelectiveConnCompFill(PIX     *pixs,
                         l_int32  connectivity,
                         l_int32  minw,
                         l_int32  minh)
{
l_int32  n, i, x, y, w, h;
BOXA    *boxa;
PIX     *pix1, *pix2, *pixd;
PIXA    *pixa;

    PROCNAME("pixSelectiveConnCompFill");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not 1 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (minw <= 0) minw = 1;
    if (minh <= 0) minh = 1;

    if ((boxa = pixConnComp(pixs, &pixa, connectivity)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("boxa not made", procName, NULL);
    n = boxaGetCount(boxa);
    pixd = pixCopy(NULL, pixs);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        boxaGetBoxGeometry(boxa, i, &x, &y, &w, &h);
        if (w >= minw && h >= minh) {
            pix1 = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
            if ((pix2 = pixHolesByFilling(pix1, 12 - connectivity)) == NULL) {
                L_ERROR("pix2 not made in iter %d\n", procName, i);
                pixDestroy(&pix1);
                continue;
            }
            pixRasterop(pixd, x, y, w, h, PIX_PAINT, pix2, 0, 0);
            pixDestroy(&pix1);
            pixDestroy(&pix2);
        }
    }
    pixaDestroy(&pixa);
    boxaDestroy(&boxa);

    return pixd;
}


/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                    Removal of matched patterns                  *
 *-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_ok
pixRemoveMatchedPattern(PIX     *pixs,
                        PIX     *pixp,
                        PIX     *pixe,
                        l_int32  x0,
                        l_int32  y0,
                        l_int32  dsize)
{
l_int32  i, nc, x, y, w, h, xb, yb;
BOXA    *boxa;
PIX     *pix1, *pix2;
PIXA    *pixa;
PTA     *pta;
SEL     *sel;

    PROCNAME("pixRemoveMatchedPattern");

    if (!pixs)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pixp)
        return ERROR_INT("pixp not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pixe)
        return ERROR_INT("pixe not defined", procName, 1);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1 || pixGetDepth(pixp) != 1 ||
        pixGetDepth(pixe) != 1)
        return ERROR_INT("all input pix not 1 bpp", procName, 1);
    if (dsize < 0 || dsize > 4)
        return ERROR_INT("dsize not in {0,1,2,3,4}", procName, 1);

        /* Find the connected components and their centroids */
    boxa = pixConnComp(pixe, &pixa, 8);
    if ((nc = boxaGetCount(boxa)) == 0) {
        L_WARNING("no matched patterns\n", procName);
        boxaDestroy(&boxa);
        pixaDestroy(&pixa);
        return 0;
    }
    pta = pixaCentroids(pixa);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa);

        /* Optionally dilate the pattern, first adding a border that
         * is large enough to accommodate the dilated pixels */
    sel = NULL;
    if (dsize > 0) {
        sel = selCreateBrick(2 * dsize + 1, 2 * dsize + 1, dsize, dsize,
                             SEL_HIT);
        pix1 = pixAddBorder(pixp, dsize, 0);
        pix2 = pixDilate(NULL, pix1, sel);
        selDestroy(&sel);
        pixDestroy(&pix1);
    } else {
        pix2 = pixClone(pixp);
    }

        /* Subtract out each dilated pattern.  The centroid of each
         * component is located at:
         *       (box->x + x, box->y + y)
         * and the 'center' of the pattern used in making pixe is located at
         *       (x0 + dsize, (y0 + dsize)
         * relative to the UL corner of the pattern.  The center of the
         * pattern is placed at the center of the component. */
    pixGetDimensions(pix2, &w, &h, NULL);
    for (i = 0; i < nc; i++) {
        ptaGetIPt(pta, i, &x, &y);
        boxaGetBoxGeometry(boxa, i, &xb, &yb, NULL, NULL);
        pixRasterop(pixs, xb + x - x0 - dsize, yb + y - y0 - dsize,
                    w, h, PIX_DST & PIX_NOT(PIX_SRC), pix2, 0, 0);
    }

    boxaDestroy(&boxa);
    ptaDestroy(&pta);
    pixDestroy(&pix2);
    return 0;
}


/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                    Display of matched patterns                  *
 *-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
PIX *
pixDisplayMatchedPattern(PIX       *pixs,
                         PIX       *pixp,
                         PIX       *pixe,
                         l_int32    x0,
                         l_int32    y0,
                         l_uint32   color,
                         l_float32  scale,
                         l_int32    nlevels)
{
l_int32   i, nc, xb, yb, x, y, xi, yi, rval, gval, bval;
BOXA     *boxa;
PIX      *pixd, *pixt, *pixps;
PIXA     *pixa;
PTA      *pta;
PIXCMAP  *cmap;

    PROCNAME("pixDisplayMatchedPattern");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (!pixp)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixp not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (!pixe)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixe not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1 || pixGetDepth(pixp) != 1 ||
        pixGetDepth(pixe) != 1)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("all input pix not 1 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (scale > 1.0 || scale <= 0.0) {
        L_WARNING("scale > 1.0 or < 0.0; setting to 1.0\n", procName);
        scale = 1.0;
    }

        /* Find the connected components and their centroids */
    boxa = pixConnComp(pixe, &pixa, 8);
    if ((nc = boxaGetCount(boxa)) == 0) {
        L_WARNING("no matched patterns\n", procName);
        boxaDestroy(&boxa);
        pixaDestroy(&pixa);
        return 0;
    }
    pta = pixaCentroids(pixa);

    extractRGBValues(color, &rval, &gval, &bval);
    if (scale == 1.0) {  /* output 4 bpp at full resolution */
        pixd = pixConvert1To4(NULL, pixs, 0, 1);
        cmap = pixcmapCreate(4);
        pixcmapAddColor(cmap, 255, 255, 255);
        pixcmapAddColor(cmap, 0, 0, 0);
        pixSetColormap(pixd, cmap);

        /* Paint through pixp for each match location.  The centroid of each
         * component in pixe is located at:
         *       (box->x + x, box->y + y)
         * and the 'center' of the pattern used in making pixe is located at
         *       (x0, y0)
         * relative to the UL corner of the pattern.  The center of the
         * pattern is placed at the center of the component. */
        for (i = 0; i < nc; i++) {
            ptaGetIPt(pta, i, &x, &y);
            boxaGetBoxGeometry(boxa, i, &xb, &yb, NULL, NULL);
            pixSetMaskedCmap(pixd, pixp, xb + x - x0, yb + y - y0,
                             rval, gval, bval);
        }
    } else {  /* output 4 bpp downscaled */
        pixt = pixScaleToGray(pixs, scale);
        pixd = pixThresholdTo4bpp(pixt, nlevels, 1);
        pixps = pixScaleBySampling(pixp, scale, scale);

        for (i = 0; i < nc; i++) {
            ptaGetIPt(pta, i, &x, &y);
            boxaGetBoxGeometry(boxa, i, &xb, &yb, NULL, NULL);
            xi = (l_int32)(scale * (xb + x - x0));
            yi = (l_int32)(scale * (yb + y - y0));
            pixSetMaskedCmap(pixd, pixps, xi, yi, rval, gval, bval);
        }
        pixDestroy(&pixt);
        pixDestroy(&pixps);
    }

    boxaDestroy(&boxa);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa);
    ptaDestroy(&pta);
    return pixd;
}


/*------------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *   Extension of pixa by iterative erosion or dilation (and by scaling)  *
 *------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
PIXA *
pixaExtendByMorph(PIXA    *pixas,
                  l_int32  type,
                  l_int32  niters,
                  SEL     *sel,
                  l_int32  include)
{
l_int32  maxdepth, i, j, n;
PIX     *pix0, *pix1, *pix2;
SEL     *selt;
PIXA    *pixad;

    PROCNAME("pixaExtendByMorph");

    if (!pixas)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("pixas undefined", procName, NULL);
    if (niters <= 0) {
        L_INFO("niters = %d; nothing to do\n", procName, niters);
        return pixaCopy(pixas, L_CLONE);
    }
    if (type != L_MORPH_DILATE && type != L_MORPH_ERODE)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("invalid type", procName, NULL);
    pixaGetDepthInfo(pixas, &maxdepth, NULL);
    if (maxdepth > 1)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("some pix have bpp > 1", procName, NULL);

    if (!sel)
        selt = selCreateBrick(2, 2, 0, 0, SEL_HIT);  /* default */
    else
        selt = selCopy(sel);
    n = pixaGetCount(pixas);
    pixad = pixaCreate(n * niters);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pix1 = pixaGetPix(pixas, i, L_CLONE);
        if (include) pixaAddPix(pixad, pix1, L_COPY);
        pix0 = pix1;  /* need to keep the handle to destroy the clone */
        for (j = 0; j < niters; j++) {
            if (type == L_MORPH_DILATE) {
                pix2 = pixDilate(NULL, pix1, selt);
            } else {  /* L_MORPH_ERODE */
                pix2 = pixErode(NULL, pix1, selt);
            }
            pixaAddPix(pixad, pix2, L_INSERT);
            pix1 = pix2;  /* owned by pixad; do not destroy */
        }
        pixDestroy(&pix0);
    }

    selDestroy(&selt);
    return pixad;
}


PIXA *
pixaExtendByScaling(PIXA    *pixas,
                    NUMA    *nasc,
                    l_int32  type,
                    l_int32  include)
{
l_int32    i, j, n, nsc, w, h, scalew, scaleh;
l_float32  scalefact;
PIX       *pix1, *pix2;
PIXA      *pixad;

    PROCNAME("pixaExtendByScaling");

    if (!pixas)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("pixas undefined", procName, NULL);
    if (!nasc || numaGetCount(nasc) == 0)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("nasc undefined or empty", procName, NULL);
    if (type != L_HORIZ && type != L_VERT && type != L_BOTH_DIRECTIONS)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("invalid type", procName, NULL);

    n = pixaGetCount(pixas);
    nsc = numaGetCount(nasc);
    if ((pixad = pixaCreate(n * (nsc + 1))) == NULL) {
        L_ERROR("pixad not made: n = %d, nsc = %d\n", procName, n, nsc);
        return NULL;
    }
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pix1 = pixaGetPix(pixas, i, L_CLONE);
        if (include) pixaAddPix(pixad, pix1, L_COPY);
        pixGetDimensions(pix1, &w, &h, NULL);
        for (j = 0; j < nsc; j++) {
            numaGetFValue(nasc, j, &scalefact);
            scalew = w;
            scaleh = h;
            if (type == L_HORIZ || type == L_BOTH_DIRECTIONS)
                scalew = w * scalefact;
            if (type == L_VERT || type == L_BOTH_DIRECTIONS)
                scaleh = h * scalefact;
            pix2 = pixScaleToSize(pix1, scalew, scaleh);
            pixaAddPix(pixad, pix2, L_INSERT);
        }
        pixDestroy(&pix1);
    }
    return pixad;
}


/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*
 *             Iterative morphological seed filling                *
 *-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
PIX *
pixSeedfillMorph(PIX     *pixs,
                 PIX     *pixm,
                 l_int32  maxiters,
                 l_int32  connectivity)
{
l_int32  same, i;
PIX     *pixt, *pixd, *temp;
SEL     *sel_3;

    PROCNAME("pixSeedfillMorph");

    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs undefined or not 1 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (!pixm)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("mask pix not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (connectivity != 4 && connectivity != 8)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("connectivity not in {4,8}", procName, NULL);
    if (maxiters <= 0) maxiters = 1000;
    if (pixSizesEqual(pixs, pixm) == 0)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pix sizes unequal", procName, NULL);

    if ((sel_3 = selCreateBrick(3, 3, 1, 1, SEL_HIT)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("sel_3 not made", procName, NULL);
    if (connectivity == 4) {  /* remove corner hits to make a '+' */
        selSetElement(sel_3, 0, 0, SEL_DONT_CARE);
        selSetElement(sel_3, 2, 2, SEL_DONT_CARE);
        selSetElement(sel_3, 2, 0, SEL_DONT_CARE);
        selSetElement(sel_3, 0, 2, SEL_DONT_CARE);
    }

    pixt = pixCopy(NULL, pixs);
    pixd = pixCreateTemplate(pixs);
    for (i = 1; i <= maxiters; i++) {
        pixDilate(pixd, pixt, sel_3);
        pixAnd(pixd, pixd, pixm);
        pixEqual(pixd, pixt, &same);
        if (same || i == maxiters)
            break;
        else
            SWAP(pixt, pixd);
    }
    fprintf(stderr, " Num iters in binary reconstruction = %d\n", i);

    pixDestroy(&pixt);
    selDestroy(&sel_3);
    return pixd;
}


/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                   Granulometry on binary images                 *
 *-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
NUMA *
pixRunHistogramMorph(PIX     *pixs,
                     l_int32  runtype,
                     l_int32  direction,
                     l_int32  maxsize)
{
l_int32    count, i, size;
l_float32  val;
NUMA      *na, *nah;
PIX       *pix1, *pix2, *pix3;
SEL       *sel_2a;

    PROCNAME("pixRunHistogramMorph");

    if (!pixs)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("seed pix not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (runtype != L_RUN_OFF && runtype != L_RUN_ON)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("invalid run type", procName, NULL);
    if (direction != L_HORIZ && direction != L_VERT)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("direction not in {L_HORIZ, L_VERT}",
                                 procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs must be binary", procName, NULL);

    if (direction == L_HORIZ)
        sel_2a = selCreateBrick(1, 2, 0, 0, SEL_HIT);
    else   /* direction == L_VERT */
        sel_2a = selCreateBrick(2, 1, 0, 0, SEL_HIT);
    if (!sel_2a)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("sel_2a not made", procName, NULL);

    if (runtype == L_RUN_OFF) {
        if ((pix1 = pixCopy(NULL, pixs)) == NULL) {
            selDestroy(&sel_2a);
            return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("pix1 not made", procName, NULL);
        }
        pixInvert(pix1, pix1);
    } else {  /* runtype == L_RUN_ON */
        pix1 = pixClone(pixs);
    }

        /* Get pixel counts at different stages of erosion */
    na = numaCreate(0);
    pix2 = pixCreateTemplate(pixs);
    pix3 = pixCreateTemplate(pixs);
    pixCountPixels(pix1, &count, NULL);
    numaAddNumber(na, count);
    pixErode(pix2, pix1, sel_2a);
    pixCountPixels(pix2, &count, NULL);
    numaAddNumber(na, count);
    for (i = 0; i < maxsize / 2; i++) {
        pixErode(pix3, pix2, sel_2a);
        pixCountPixels(pix3, &count, NULL);
        numaAddNumber(na, count);
        pixErode(pix2, pix3, sel_2a);
        pixCountPixels(pix2, &count, NULL);
        numaAddNumber(na, count);
    }

        /* Compute length histogram */
    size = numaGetCount(na);
    nah = numaCreate(size);
    numaAddNumber(nah, 0); /* number at length 0 */
    for (i = 1; i < size - 1; i++) {
        val = na->array[i+1] - 2 * na->array[i] + na->array[i-1];
        numaAddNumber(nah, val);
    }

    pixDestroy(&pix1);
    pixDestroy(&pix2);
    pixDestroy(&pix3);
    selDestroy(&sel_2a);
    numaDestroy(&na);
    return nah;
}


/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*
 *            Composite operations on grayscale images             *
 *-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
PIX *
pixTophat(PIX     *pixs,
          l_int32  hsize,
          l_int32  vsize,
          l_int32  type)
{
PIX  *pixt, *pixd;

    PROCNAME("pixTophat");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("seed pix not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not 8 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (hsize < 1 || vsize < 1)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("hsize or vsize < 1", procName, NULL);
    if ((hsize & 1) == 0 ) {
        L_WARNING("horiz sel size must be odd; increasing by 1\n", procName);
        hsize++;
    }
    if ((vsize & 1) == 0 ) {
        L_WARNING("vert sel size must be odd; increasing by 1\n", procName);
        vsize++;
    }
    if (type != L_TOPHAT_WHITE && type != L_TOPHAT_BLACK)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("type must be L_TOPHAT_BLACK or L_TOPHAT_WHITE",
                                procName, NULL);

    if (hsize == 1 && vsize == 1)
        return pixCreateTemplate(pixs);

    switch (type)
    {
    case L_TOPHAT_WHITE:
        if ((pixt = pixOpenGray(pixs, hsize, vsize)) == NULL)
            return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixt not made", procName, NULL);
        pixd = pixSubtractGray(NULL, pixs, pixt);
        pixDestroy(&pixt);
        break;
    case L_TOPHAT_BLACK:
        if ((pixd = pixCloseGray(pixs, hsize, vsize)) == NULL)
            return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", procName, NULL);
        pixSubtractGray(pixd, pixd, pixs);
        break;
    default:
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("invalid type", procName, NULL);
    }

    return pixd;
}


PIX *
pixHDome(PIX     *pixs,
         l_int32  height,
         l_int32  connectivity)
{
PIX  *pixsd, *pixd;

    PROCNAME("pixHDome");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("src pix not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not 8 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (height < 0)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("height not >= 0", procName, NULL);
    if (height == 0)
        return pixCreateTemplate(pixs);

    if ((pixsd = pixCopy(NULL, pixs)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixsd not made", procName, NULL);
    pixAddConstantGray(pixsd, -height);
    pixSeedfillGray(pixsd, pixs, connectivity);
    pixd = pixSubtractGray(NULL, pixs, pixsd);
    pixDestroy(&pixsd);
    return pixd;
}


PIX *
pixFastTophat(PIX     *pixs,
              l_int32  xsize,
              l_int32  ysize,
              l_int32  type)
{
PIX  *pix1, *pix2, *pix3, *pixd;

    PROCNAME("pixFastTophat");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("seed pix not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not 8 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (xsize < 1 || ysize < 1)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("size < 1", procName, NULL);
    if (type != L_TOPHAT_WHITE && type != L_TOPHAT_BLACK)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("type must be L_TOPHAT_BLACK or L_TOPHAT_WHITE",
                                procName, NULL);

    if (xsize == 1 && ysize == 1)
        return pixCreateTemplate(pixs);

    switch (type)
    {
    case L_TOPHAT_WHITE:
        if ((pix1 = pixScaleGrayMinMax(pixs, xsize, ysize, L_CHOOSE_MIN))
               == NULL)
            return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pix1 not made", procName, NULL);
        pix2 = pixBlockconv(pix1, 1, 1);  /* small smoothing */
        pix3 = pixScaleBySampling(pix2, xsize, ysize);
        pixd = pixSubtractGray(NULL, pixs, pix3);
        pixDestroy(&pix3);
        break;
    case L_TOPHAT_BLACK:
        if ((pix1 = pixScaleGrayMinMax(pixs, xsize, ysize, L_CHOOSE_MAX))
               == NULL)
            return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pix1 not made", procName, NULL);
        pix2 = pixBlockconv(pix1, 1, 1);  /* small smoothing */
        pixd = pixScaleBySampling(pix2, xsize, ysize);
        pixSubtractGray(pixd, pixd, pixs);
        break;
    default:
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("invalid type", procName, NULL);
    }

    pixDestroy(&pix1);
    pixDestroy(&pix2);
    return pixd;
}


PIX *
pixMorphGradient(PIX     *pixs,
                 l_int32  hsize,
                 l_int32  vsize,
                 l_int32  smoothing)
{
PIX  *pixg, *pixd;

    PROCNAME("pixMorphGradient");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("seed pix not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not 8 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (hsize < 1 || vsize < 1)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("hsize or vsize < 1", procName, NULL);
    if ((hsize & 1) == 0 ) {
        L_WARNING("horiz sel size must be odd; increasing by 1\n", procName);
        hsize++;
    }
    if ((vsize & 1) == 0 ) {
        L_WARNING("vert sel size must be odd; increasing by 1\n", procName);
        vsize++;
    }

        /* Optionally smooth first to remove noise.
         * If smoothing is 0, just get a copy */
    pixg = pixBlockconvGray(pixs, NULL, smoothing, smoothing);

        /* This gives approximately the gradient of a transition */
    pixd = pixDilateGray(pixg, hsize, vsize);
    pixSubtractGray(pixd, pixd, pixg);
    pixDestroy(&pixg);
    return pixd;
}


/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                       Centroid of component                     *
 *-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
PTA *
pixaCentroids(PIXA  *pixa)
{
l_int32    i, n;
l_int32   *centtab = NULL;
l_int32   *sumtab = NULL;
l_float32  x, y;
PIX       *pix;
PTA       *pta;

    PROCNAME("pixaCentroids");

    if (!pixa)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("pixa not defined", procName, NULL);
    if ((n = pixaGetCount(pixa)) == 0)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("no pix in pixa", procName, NULL);

    if ((pta = ptaCreate(n)) == NULL)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("pta not defined", procName, NULL);
    centtab = makePixelCentroidTab8();
    sumtab = makePixelSumTab8();

    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pix = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
        if (pixCentroid(pix, centtab, sumtab, &x, &y) == 1)
            L_ERROR("centroid failure for pix %d\n", procName, i);
        pixDestroy(&pix);
        ptaAddPt(pta, x, y);
    }

    LEPT_FREE(centtab);
    LEPT_FREE(sumtab);
    return pta;
}


l_ok
pixCentroid(PIX        *pix,
            l_int32    *centtab,
            l_int32    *sumtab,
            l_float32  *pxave,
            l_float32  *pyave)
{
l_int32    w, h, d, i, j, wpl, pixsum, rowsum, val;
l_float32  xsum, ysum;
l_uint32  *data, *line;
l_uint32   word;
l_uint8    byte;
l_int32   *ctab, *stab;

    PROCNAME("pixCentroid");

    if (!pxave || !pyave)
        return ERROR_INT("&pxave and &pyave not defined", procName, 1);
    *pxave = *pyave = 0.0;
    if (!pix)
        return ERROR_INT("pix not defined", procName, 1);
    pixGetDimensions(pix, &w, &h, &d);
    if (d != 1 && d != 8)
        return ERROR_INT("pix not 1 or 8 bpp", procName, 1);

    ctab = centtab;
    stab = sumtab;
    if (d == 1) {
        pixSetPadBits(pix, 0);
        if (!centtab)
            ctab = makePixelCentroidTab8();
        if (!sumtab)
            stab = makePixelSumTab8();
    }

    data = pixGetData(pix);
    wpl = pixGetWpl(pix);
    xsum = ysum = 0.0;
    pixsum = 0;
    if (d == 1) {
        for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
                /* The body of this loop computes the sum of the set
                 * (1) bits on this row, weighted by their distance
                 * from the left edge of pix, and accumulates that into
                 * xsum; it accumulates their distance from the top
                 * edge of pix into ysum, and their total count into
                 * pixsum.  It's equivalent to
                 * for (j = 0; j < w; j++) {
                 *     if (GET_DATA_BIT(line, j)) {
                 *         xsum += j;
                 *         ysum += i;
                 *         pixsum++;
                 *     }
                 * }
                 */
            line = data + wpl * i;
            rowsum = 0;
            for (j = 0; j < wpl; j++) {
                word = line[j];
                if (word) {
                    byte = word & 0xff;
                    rowsum += stab[byte];
                    xsum += ctab[byte] + (j * 32 + 24) * stab[byte];
                    byte = (word >> 8) & 0xff;
                    rowsum += stab[byte];
                    xsum += ctab[byte] + (j * 32 + 16) * stab[byte];
                    byte = (word >> 16) & 0xff;
                    rowsum += stab[byte];
                    xsum += ctab[byte] + (j * 32 + 8) * stab[byte];
                    byte = (word >> 24) & 0xff;
                    rowsum += stab[byte];
                    xsum += ctab[byte] + j * 32 * stab[byte];
                }
            }
            pixsum += rowsum;
            ysum += rowsum * i;
        }
        if (pixsum == 0) {
            L_WARNING("no ON pixels in pix\n", procName);
        } else {
            *pxave = xsum / (l_float32)pixsum;
            *pyave = ysum / (l_float32)pixsum;
        }
    } else {  /* d == 8 */
        for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
            line = data + wpl * i;
            for (j = 0; j < w; j++) {
                val = GET_DATA_BYTE(line, j);
                xsum += val * j;
                ysum += val * i;
                pixsum += val;
            }
        }
        if (pixsum == 0) {
            L_WARNING("all pixels are 0\n", procName);
        } else {
            *pxave = xsum / (l_float32)pixsum;
            *pyave = ysum / (l_float32)pixsum;
        }
    }

    if (!centtab) LEPT_FREE(ctab);
    if (!sumtab) LEPT_FREE(stab);
    return 0;
}